Integrating sensitive motor tasks with histopathology detects sex differences in recovery after spinal cord injury

Emily A Swarts; Ashley I Munro; Courtney A Bannerman; Julie R Zielonka; Colleen E Tordoff; Nader Ghasemlou; Faith H Brennan

doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115417

Integrating sensitive motor tasks with histopathology detects sex differences in recovery after spinal cord injury

Exp Neurol. 2025 Dec:394:115417. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115417. Epub 2025 Aug 7.

Authors

Emily A Swarts¹, Ashley I Munro¹, Courtney A Bannerman¹, Julie R Zielonka¹, Colleen E Tordoff¹, Nader Ghasemlou², Faith H Brennan³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
² Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
³ Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: faith.brennan@queensu.ca.

PMID: 40782936
DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115417

Abstract

Biological sex governs a myriad of molecular, cellular, and physiological features of the intact and injured nervous system. In traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), biological sex is thought to influence functional recovery and tissue pathology. However, the open-field Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) used to track experimental SCI recovery relies on observer-based non-parametric scoring, which may not be sensitive enough to detect sex differences in motor behavior. Here, we tested whether two additional behavioral tasks - the infrared activity box and advanced dynamic weight bearing (ADWB) - identify any sex differences in motor recovery in male and female mice following a 70 kilodyne contusion SCI or sham (laminectomy) surgery. We then integrated data from these tasks with BMS scores, lesion area, myelin sparing, fibrosis, macrophage presence, and astrogliosis, using principal component analysis (PCA). BMS data were not different between sexes. However, the infrared activity box detected sex differences in both sham and SCI groups, with male mice spending more time making ambulatory bouts, and female mice spending more time performing stereotypic behaviors (e.g., grooming, sniffing). ADWB also detected sex differences in SCI, with male mice placing more weight on their hind end and abdomen, and females placing more weight on their fore paws. Histological analysis showed that male SCI lesions have more myelin loss than female SCI lesions, though several other readouts did not reach statistical significance. However, reducing multivariate behavioral and histopathological data into principal components stratified mice based on their surgical group and sex, with females scoring higher on the PCA-generated "Stereotypy, front paw weight-bearing and tissue preservation" index. Together, these data show that integrating multiple quantitative and observer-independent behavioral tasks with histopathology data increases sensitivity to detect sex differences in SCI.

Keywords: Demyelination; Microgliosis; Neurodegeneration; Neuroinflammation; Spinal cord injury.

MeSH terms

Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Female
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Motor Activity* / physiology
Recovery of Function* / physiology
Sex Characteristics*
Spinal Cord Injuries* / pathology
Spinal Cord Injuries* / physiopathology
Weight-Bearing / physiology