Addressing point source soil pollution in the Western balkans: Challenges and opportunities for EU integration

Abstract

Soil pollution poses a significant threat to human health and the environment in the Western Balkans. It contaminates food and water sources with potentially toxic elements (PTE) and degrades ecosystems by reducing soil functions and biodiversity. Industrialisation over the past century has made soil pollution a widespread issue in the region. This study aims to summarise the status of point source soil pollution, identify knowledge gaps, and support the implementation of the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans, with a focus on soil remediation priorities. Through the analysis of 118 contaminated or potentially contaminated sites, the study reveals that industrial and mining activities are the primary sources of soil pollution, while asbestos and nuclear energy contribute relatively less. Despite some progress in waste management, waste collection, transportation, and disposal systems, as well as insufficient waste treatment and recycling facilities, remain a major source of pollution in the region. Countries such as Serbia and North Macedonia have conducted preliminary assessments, but comprehensive regional data on waste management and pollution levels is lacking. Challenges include weak legal frameworks, insufficient funding, and limited site investigations. Effective strategies must prioritise high-risk sites and establish clear criteria for identifying pollution hotspots. A registry of contaminated sites is essential, starting with the most critical areas and expanding to include all sites with health and environmental risks. Public awareness and remediation efforts remain limited, underscoring the need for integrated policies, increased funding, and community engagement. Immediate action is crucial to mitigate soil pollution and protect public health. This work emphasises the urgent need for coordinated soil protection strategies to ensure sustainable land use and healthy soils in the Western Balkans.

Keywords: EU accession; EU soil policy; Potentially toxic elements; Western Balkans; contaminated or potentially contaminated sites; soil protection policies; soil remediation.