Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder classified as an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) due to its association with an increased prevalence and a risk of progressing to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of up to 5%.
Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review to update the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of OLP using PubMed and Web of Science databases up to April 2025.
Results: OLP is a T-cell-mediated disorder, with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells playing a key role in its pathogenesis. Its multifactorial nature involves genetics, infections, immune dysregulation, allergens, stress, autoimmune diseases, and medications. Treatment options include topical corticosteroids as the first-line therapy, along with systemic medications and emerging therapies that show promise in management.
Conclusions: Regular monitoring and early intervention are crucial due to OLP's malignant potential. Further research is needed to refine treatments and assess long-term efficacy.
Keywords: etiology; management; oral lichen planus; oral potentially malignant disorder; risk factors.
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