Abscisic acid (ABA) is a central phytohormone that orchestrates plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, while also influencing growth and development. The regulatory networks underpinning ABA-mediated stress tolerance have been the focus of intensive research, revealing sophisticated mechanisms of biosynthesis, signal transduction, and gene regulation. Recent advances in genetic, genomic, and biochemical approaches have illuminated the complexity of ABA's interactions with other hormonal and environmental signaling pathways, providing a multidimensional understanding of plant adaptation. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on ABA's regulatory frameworks, identifies key gaps in our understanding, and discusses the potential integration of omics and emerging technologies to uncover new insights. By offering a comprehensive synthesis of recent findings, this paper aims to stimulate further research into the interplay of ABA with other signaling pathways, highlighting its translational potential for crop improvement under changing environmental conditions.
Keywords: CRISPR/Cas9; abscisic acid; crop resilience; gene expression regulation; omics technologies; stress adaptation.