Gastric cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, with substantial variations observed among patients in clinical manifestation, histological characteristics, and drug sensitivities. Achieving precision medicine necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric cancer and the establishment of robust preclinical models. Organoids, cultivated from cancer cells within tumor tissues, utilizing three-dimensional tissue culture techniques, faithfully replicate the features and heterogeneity of in vivo tumors and have emerged as a promising platform. This review explores the application of gastric cancer-derived organoids (GCOs) in preclinical research and clinical translation, highlighting current challenges and outlining future prospects. Although this technology remains some distance from direct clinical application, it holds tremendous potential for clinical utilization.
© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.