SPM-30 years and beyond

Cereb Cortex. 2025 Aug 1;35(8):bhaf234. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaf234.

Abstract

This paper marks the 30th anniversary of the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software and the journal Cerebral Cortex: two modest milestones that mark the inception of cognitive neuroscience. We take this opportunity to reflect on SPM, a generation after its introduction. Each of the authors of this paper-who represent a small selection of the many contributors to SPM-were asked to consider lessons learned, what has gone well, and where there is room for improvement in future development. We hope that this review of SPM-and its aspirations-will provide some context for current imaging neuroscience and foreground some potential directions for the future of the field.

Keywords: EEG; MEG; MRI; SPM; statistical parametric mapping.

Publication types

  • Historical Article
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Brain Mapping* / history
  • Brain Mapping* / methods
  • Brain* / physiology
  • Cerebral Cortex / physiology
  • History, 20th Century
  • History, 21st Century
  • Humans
  • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted* / history
  • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted* / methods
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging* / history
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging* / methods
  • Software* / history