Distinct tumor immune microenvironment modulation by anti-PD-1/PD-L1, VEGF, and CTLA-4 blockade provides a rationale for triplet therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Clin Mol Hepatol. 2026 Jan;32(1):e38-e42. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2025.0983. Epub 2025 Sep 25.

Authors

Hideki Iwamoto^{1

2

3}, Hironori Koga^{2

3}, Takumi Kawaguchi³

Affiliations

¹ Iwamoto Internal Medicine Clinic, Kitakyushu, Japan.
² Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
³ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.

No abstract available

Keywords: Anti-VEGF antibody; Combination immune therapy; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Tumor immune microenvironment.

Grants and funding

Eisai Co., Ltd.