A multi-ethnic polygenic risk score for chronic kidney disease is associated with increased risk of hypertension in African American individuals

Aastha Kakar; Elizabeth M Litkowski; Ashley W Scadden; Mohammad Y Anwar; Iain R Konigsberg; Maggie A Stanislawski; Natalie C DuPre; Riten Mitra; Richard Baumgartner; Laura M Raffield; Ethan M Lange; Leslie A Lange; Kira C Taylor

doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04425-4

A multi-ethnic polygenic risk score for chronic kidney disease is associated with increased risk of hypertension in African American individuals

BMC Nephrol. 2025 Sep 26;26(1):524. doi: 10.1186/s12882-025-04425-4.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. aastha.kakar@cuanschutz.edu.
² Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. aastha.kakar@cuanschutz.edu.
³ Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁵ Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
⁶ Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.

Abstract

Background: Hypertension (HT) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD) are complex conditions having both genetic and environmental contributions, disproportionately affecting African American (AA) individuals. Recent evidence is contradictory regarding the directionality of the relationship between the two conditions. This study investigates the relationship between CKD and blood pressure (BP)-related traits with CKD and BP by generating polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for CKD and BP-related traits in 2,995 participants of the Jackson Heart Study, a prospective cohort study of AA individuals from the Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan area.

Methods: We used multivariable regression models to evaluate associations of each PRS with CKD, HT, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), adjusting for age, sex, and genetic ancestry.

Results: We observed positive associations for the CKD PRS (CKD-PRS) with both CKD (OR per standard deviation increase, 95% CI: 1.85, 1.64–2.09) and HT (1.10, 1.01–1.20). Adding the CKD-PRS to a multivariable model for CKD increased the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) by 0.061. The CKD-PRS was also positively associated with DBP (beta = 0.37 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.01–0.73). The BP-PRSs were positively associated with HT, SBP and DBP; however, they were not associated with CKD.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that genetic predisposition to CKD may increase the risk of hypertension in AA individuals. Our results also align with previous studies in European ancestry individuals that fail to support the causative role of blood pressure in kidney function decline, as we did not find an association between the blood pressure risk scores with CKD. Finally, we found a strong association between the CKD risk score with CKD in AA individuals, supporting its clinical use in an AA population. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of CKD and HT in AA individuals.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-025-04425-4.

Keywords: African american individuals; Chronic kidney disease; Hypertension; Polygenic risk scores.

Abstract

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