Antibody-drug conjugates: Current challenges and innovative solutions for precision cancer therapy

Med. 2025 Oct 10;6(10):100849. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2025.100849. Epub 2025 Sep 30.

Abstract

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have advanced cancer therapy by combining antibody specificity with cytotoxic potency. However, clinical experience has revealed challenges limiting their efficacy and safety. This review addresses key questions in ADC development and corresponding optimization strategies. It discusses the relationship between target antigen expression and clinical response and the role of antibodies beyond targeting. Enhancing ADC distribution via bispecific targeting and probody masking is summarized. Traditional assumptions in linker design, such as favoring maximum stability, are re-evaluated to improve clinical outcomes. Innovations in linker chemistry encompass tumor microenvironment-responsive release mechanisms and bioorthogonal reactions. Emerging payload strategies like immune-stimulating ADCs (ISACs) and degrader-antibody conjugates (DACs) expand therapeutic possibilities but introduce new safety challenges. Ultimately, merely increasing ADC structural complexity is insufficient. Understanding tumor delivery barriers and bridging preclinical-clinical gaps will be vital to fully realize the potential of ADCs in precision oncology.

Keywords: ADC; ISAC; antibody-drug conjugate; immune-stimulating antibody conjugate; linker stability; solid tumor; targeted cancer therapy.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Antineoplastic Agents* / therapeutic use
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Humans
  • Immunoconjugates* / therapeutic use
  • Neoplasms* / drug therapy
  • Precision Medicine* / methods
  • Tumor Microenvironment

Substances

  • Immunoconjugates
  • Antineoplastic Agents