Telomerase, an enzyme responsible for maintaining telomere length, plays a pivotal role in cellular immortality and is frequently activated in cancer cells. The detection of telomerase activity has emerged as a critical biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. This paper explores the development and application of advanced biosensors designed for the sensitive and specific detection of telomerase activity. We discuss various biosensor platforms, including electrochemical, optical, and nanomaterial-based systems, highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. In addition, we review conventional methods for telomerase detection, such as the Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and Southern blotting. While these methods have been widely used, they present several limitations, including low sensitivity, time-consuming procedures, and the requirement for specialized equipment and expertise. The integration of nanotechnology and molecular recognition elements enhances the sensitivity and specificity of biosensors, enabling early cancer detection and monitoring of therapeutic responses. Furthermore, we address the challenges in translating these technologies from the laboratory to clinical settings and propose future directions for research in telomerase biosensing. This innovative approach holds significant promise for improving cancer diagnostics and personalized treatment strategies.
Keywords: Biomarkers; Biosensors; Cancer diagnostics; Early detection; Nanotechnology; Telomerase; Telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP).
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