Associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants and mortality risk of critically ill patients: a multi-center cohort study in central China

Lu Ye; Chen Li; Kun Qin; Liang Xu; Ping Jin; Zhanpeng Wang; Cong Zhang; Chun Yin; Yaolin Liu; Zhicheng Fang; Jingjun Lv; Peng Jia

doi:10.1186/s13613-025-01527-y

Associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants and mortality risk of critically ill patients: a multi-center cohort study in central China

Ann Intensive Care. 2025 Oct 21;15(1):165. doi: 10.1186/s13613-025-01527-y.

Authors

Lu Ye^#^{1

2}, Chen Li^#^{2

3}, Kun Qin^#^{2

3}, Liang Xu⁴, Ping Jin⁵, Zhanpeng Wang^{2

3}, Cong Zhang^{1

2}, Chun Yin^{2

3}, Yaolin Liu^{3

6}, Zhicheng Fang⁷, Jingjun Lv^{8

9}, Peng Jia^{10

11

12}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
² International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
³ School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
⁴ Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
⁵ Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), The Second Clinical Medical College, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
⁶ Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.
⁷ Department of Emergency, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China. 13593751009@163.com.
⁸ Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. lvjingjun@whu.edu.cn.
⁹ International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. lvjingjun@whu.edu.cn.
¹⁰ International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. jiapengff@hotmail.com.
¹¹ School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. jiapengff@hotmail.com.
¹² Renmin Hospital (First School of Clinical Medicine), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. jiapengff@hotmail.com.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Study objective: Air pollutants have been known as the most persistent environmental risk factors of all-cause mortality in general populations. However, few studies focused on such associations in critically ill patients who usually suffer from multiple comorbidities and even organ dysfunctions, and thus have lower resistance to external risk factors. For the first time, this study examined associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants and mortality risk of critically ill patients, also relative contribution of each pollutant to their joint health effect.

Methods: The 7,562 critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) in a Hubei Province Medical Treatment Alliance in China were used in this study. Patient's death within 28 days after ICU admission was used as the outcome. Daily concentrations of air pollutants, including PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃ and CO, over their residence were estimated at a spatial resolution of 1 km by a newly developed multi-output LightGBM model, with better accuracy than all existing products. Logistic regression models were fit to estimate associations between individual air pollutants and mortality risk. Weighted quantity sum (WQS) regression was used to estimate relative contribution of each air pollutant to their joint effect on mortality risk.

Results: The 7,222 patients were included in the study and had a mortality rate of 39.1%, with about half staying in ICU for ≤ 6 days. An increased risk for mortality was associated with a higher concentration of PM_2.5 (OR = 1.007 [1.003, 1.011]), PM₁₀ (OR = 1.002 [1.000, 1.004]), NO₂ (OR = 1.020 [1.015, 1.024]), SO₂ (OR = 1.025 [1.001, 1.050]), O₃ (OR = 1.005 [1.001, 1.009]), and CO (OR = 4.336 [2.952, 6.457]). These associations varied across subgroups. For example, stronger associations were observed in males (PM_2.5: OR = 1.010 [1.005, 1.015], PM₁₀: OR = 1.004 [1.001, 1.007], NO₂: OR = 1.026 [1.021, 1.032], and CO: OR = 6.224 [3.867, 10.019]), smokers (SO₂: OR = 1.132 [1.078, 1.189], O₃: OR = 1.014 [1.006, 1.022]), alcohol drinkers (SO₂: OR = 1.147 [1.082, 1.215], O₃: OR = 1.020 [1.010, 1.029]), and patients with a SAPS II of > 33 (SO₂: OR = 1.168 [1.130, 1.207], CO: OR = 3.557 [2.165, 5.843]). The largest contribution to their joint effect on mortality risk was from O₃ (43.8%), followed by NO₂ (25.1%), CO (20.9%), PM_2.5 (9.1%), SO₂ (1.0%), and PM₁₀ (0.1%).

Conclusion: Exposure to air pollutants was positively associated with the mortality risk of critically ill patients, with O₃ being the main contributor to their joint effect. The findings would help multiple stakeholders, including researchers, physicians, and policy-makers, better understand health effects of air pollutants on critically ill patients, also serve as justifications for facilitate environmental justice and health equity.

Keywords: Air pollutant; Critically ill patient; ICU; Mortality; WQS.