Vascular access and closure management for electrophysiological interventions in 2025: a Clinical Consensus Statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association and the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions of the ESC, and the ESC Working Group on Cardiovascular Surgery
Europace. 2025 Oct 7;27(10):euaf115.
doi: 10.1093/europace/euaf115.
2 Cardiovascular Department, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.
3 Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
4 Heart and Lung Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
5 Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, German Heart Centre Munich, School of Medicine and Health, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
6 St Bartholomew's Hospital, London & Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
7 Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
8 Liverpool Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
9 Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
10 Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery Department Milan, IRCCS Galeazzi-Sant'Ambrogio, Milan, Italy.
11 Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
12 Heart, Lung and Critical Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
13 Cardiology Department, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK.
14 Department of Cardiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands.
15 University of Applied Sciences of The Hague, The Netherlands.
16 Cardiovascular Section of the Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
17 Department of Electrophysiology, Heart- and Diabetescenter NRW Bad Oeynhausen, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
18 Department of Rhythmology, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
19 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
20 Cardiology Department, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
21 Department of Cardiology, Mitera Hospital, Athens, Greece.
22 Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité-Medical Heart Center of Charité, German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
23 Department of Clinical Electrophysiology & Cardiac Pacing, Department of Surgical, Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
24 Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
25 Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Service, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
26 Department of Cardiology, Medical School for Postgraduate Education, Grochowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
27 Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Health System, New York, USA.