IFITM3-MET interaction drives osimertinib resistance through AKT pathway activation in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer

Mol Cancer. 2025 Oct 28;24(1):272. doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02493-6.

Abstract

Background: Despite an initial favorable response of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to osimertinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), resistance to this drug inevitably develops. Whereas genetic mechanisms for such acquired resistance have been identified, the molecular mediators of resistance induction have remained unclear.

Methods: To identify factors that mediate induction of osimertinib resistance, we studied clinical samples from individuals with EGFR-mutant NSCLC as well as cell lines including PC-9 and H1975. Methods adopted included transcriptomics analysis and immunohistochemistry of pretreatment NSCLC specimens, spatial transcriptomics analysis, a cell viability assay, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR analysis, RNA sequencing, immunoblot analysis, comprehensive proteomics analysis by mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays, and a mouse xenograft tumor model.

Results: Transcriptomics analysis of pretreatment clinical specimens identified IFITM3 (interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3) as a gene specifically upregulated in patients with a poor response to osimertinib treatment. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that patients with IFITM3-positive tumors experienced a shorter progression-free survival on osimertinib treatment. Spatial transcriptomics and other analyses further revealed that IFITM3 expression in tumor cells was increased in response to cytokines derived from the tumor microenvironment (TME) during osimertinib treatment. IFITM3 was found to promote the development of osimertinib resistance in NSCLC cell lines through interaction with MET and activation of the AKT signaling pathway. Furthermore, combined treatment with a MET inhibitor suppressed the development of osimertinib resistance in a mouse xenograft tumor model.

Conclusions: Our findings reveal that upregulation of IFITM3 driven by TME cytokines represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of osimertinib resistance, and they suggest that targeting of the IFITM3-MET axis may improve EGFR-TKI treatment outcome for EGFR-mutant NSCLC.

Keywords: EGFR-mutant non–small cell lung cancer; Drug resistance; EGFR-TKI; IFITM3; Osimertinib.

MeSH terms

  • Acrylamides* / pharmacology
  • Aniline Compounds* / pharmacology
  • Animals
  • Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* / drug therapy
  • Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* / genetics
  • Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* / metabolism
  • Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* / pathology
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Drug Resistance, Neoplasm* / genetics
  • ErbB Receptors / genetics
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Indoles
  • Lung Neoplasms* / drug therapy
  • Lung Neoplasms* / genetics
  • Lung Neoplasms* / metabolism
  • Lung Neoplasms* / pathology
  • Membrane Proteins* / genetics
  • Membrane Proteins* / metabolism
  • Mice
  • Mutation*
  • Protein Kinase Inhibitors / pharmacology
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt* / metabolism
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met* / genetics
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met* / metabolism
  • Pyrimidines
  • RNA-Binding Proteins* / genetics
  • RNA-Binding Proteins* / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction / drug effects
  • Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Substances

  • osimertinib
  • Acrylamides
  • Aniline Compounds
  • ErbB Receptors
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
  • EGFR protein, human
  • RNA-Binding Proteins
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met
  • Membrane Proteins
  • IFITM3 protein, human
  • MET protein, human
  • Protein Kinase Inhibitors
  • Indoles
  • Pyrimidines