Confounder-Adjusted Differentiation of Colorectal Cancer via Dynamic Propagation of Pathway Influence

Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Oct 15;26(20):10023. doi: 10.3390/ijms262010023.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibits profound molecular heterogeneity between left-sided and right-sided tumors with distinct therapeutic responses that current static genomic analyses incompletely explain. We developed Dynamic Functional Influence Computation (DynaFIC), a computational framework modeling time-resolved signal propagation through biological networks to quantify functional influence beyond static expression levels. Using the GSE39582 dataset comprising 583 primary CRC samples, we performed confounder-adjusted differential expression analysis controlling for microsatellite instability status, BRAF mutations, Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stage, age, and sex, identifying 105 laterality-associated genes that underwent DynaFIC temporal network analysis. Right-sided tumors exhibited dramatically higher network connectivity density despite fewer nodes, creating distributed vulnerability patterns with HOXC6 as the dominant regulator, achieving 200-fold influence through network amplification. Left-sided tumors showed compartmentalized, hierarchical organization with PRAC1 as the primary regulator and predictable expression-influence scaling. Temporal clustering revealed distinct propagation kinetics: right-sided tumors demonstrated rapid signal saturation requiring early intervention, while left-sided tumors exhibited sustained propagation permitting sequential approaches. Stability Volatility Index analysis showed right-sided tumors maintain significantly higher systemic vulnerability. These findings establish anatomical location as a fundamental network organizational principle, suggesting that incorporating temporal dynamics into cancer analysis reveals therapeutically relevant differences for precision medicine applications in colorectal cancer.

Keywords: colorectal cancer heterogeneity; network analysis; systems biology; therapeutic resistance; tumor laterality.

MeSH terms

  • Colorectal Neoplasms* / genetics
  • Colorectal Neoplasms* / metabolism
  • Colorectal Neoplasms* / pathology
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
  • Gene Regulatory Networks
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Microsatellite Instability
  • Mutation
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / genetics
  • Signal Transduction*

Substances

  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf