Vaccine confidence and potential implications for new tuberculosis vaccines

Zsofia M Hesketh; Rebecca A Clark; Rupali Limaye; Puck T Pelzer; Shaun Palmer; Richard G White

doi:10.1186/s44263-025-00216-z

Vaccine confidence and potential implications for new tuberculosis vaccines

BMC Glob Public Health. 2025 Oct 31;3(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s44263-025-00216-z.

Authors

Zsofia M Hesketh^{1

2}, Rebecca A Clark³, Rupali Limaye⁴, Puck T Pelzer⁵, Shaun Palmer^{5

6}, Richard G White³

Affiliations

¹ TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, Vaccine Centre, and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, LSHTM, London, UK. zsofia.hesketh@lshtm.ac.uk.
² Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, Geneva, Switzerland. zsofia.hesketh@lshtm.ac.uk.
³ TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, Vaccine Centre, and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, LSHTM, London, UK.
⁴ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁵ International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), 1013 NH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁶ Stop TB Partnership Working Group On New Vaccines, New York, NY, 10004, USA.

Abstract

Background: A lack of general vaccine confidence has been identified as a potential barrier to the introduction of new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. In the absence of TB-specific vaccine confidence surveys, analysis of general national vaccine confidence data can provide a useful proxy to determine where demand generation strategies may need to be focused ahead of future TB vaccine introductions.

Methods: We analysed 2023 Vaccine Confidence Index (VCI) data from 18 of the 49 countries present on at least one of the three World Health Organisation (WHO) high TB burden lists, and together containing 65% of the global TB burden, to explore overall confidence in vaccines in high TB burden countries. Based on collected answers to three different statements, we categorised responses 1-2 as 'positive' (vaccine confident) and 3-4 as 'negative' (vaccine hesitant) and calculated a total vaccine confidence score using the mean proportion of positive responses across the three statements.

Results: In 2023, over 80% of respondents in 14 of the 18 countries analysed, and over 60% of respondents in all 18 countries, believed that 'vaccines are important for people of all ages'. India, accounting for around 30% of global TB cases, demonstrated confidence levels exceeding 90%, as did Vietnam, Ethiopia and Sierra Leone. South Africa, the country with the seventh highest TB burden (280,000 incident cases in 2023), Russia and Cameroon exhibited a relatively low vaccine confidence score of 75.5% or lower, signalling a potential area for concern. These countries may require focused awareness-raising and advocacy efforts prior to the rollout of new TB vaccines, though additional research on TB-specific confidence indicators is needed.

Conclusions: This analysis underscores the importance of monitoring vaccine confidence levels to address emerging challenges to maintaining or bolstering the public's trust in vaccination. Our findings could help determine which countries to prioritise for social mobilisation and demand generation efforts to boost vaccine confidence, and thus improve readiness for new TB vaccines.

Keywords: Novel vaccines; Tuberculosis; Vaccine confidence.

Abstract

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