Liberia (West Africa) has an extensive (co)burden of urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis; each largely restricted to more inland areas. Where urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic, as both disease surveillance and case management are nascent, many women may unknowingly be living with Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS). Using a recently developed FGS score card, we appraised FGS score card valuations with point-of-care gynaecological and molecular parasitological evaluations as undertaken within typical primary care settings of four Liberian counties. A total of 400 women, 100 participants from each of four endemic inland counties, underwent a cursory gynaecological examination using a speculum for visible FGS lesions, undertaken by a midwife, and provided a urine sample that was examined by centrifugation with microscopy for Schistosoma ova. Urine-sediments in ethanol were later analysed with a high-resolution melt (HRM) real-time (rt) PCR assay to screen for Schistosoma genetic markers. Using a combination of clinical and parasitological information, overall prevalence of UGS and FGS was <10% and a single case of putative FGS-associated co-infection with Schistosoma mansoni was observed. Participant interviews with the FGS score cards provided an insight into at-risk lifestyle and environmental factors, e.g. women who fished regularly were more likely to present with FGS whereas those who lived > 15 km from a local river were less likely to present with FGS. In this resource-poor setting of Liberia, active surveillance for FGS with either clinical or parasitological methods remains challenging such that sole future use of the FGS score card is most pragmatic for primary care.
Keywords: Schistosoma haematobium; molecular diagnostics; primary health care; sexual and reproductive health; urogenital schistosomiasis.