COVID-19 School Disruptions in Early Childhood Education and Children's Early Elementary School Outcomes: Findings from the Smart Beginnings Randomized Clinical Trial

Early Child Dev Care. 2025 Oct 21:10.1080/03004430.2025.2574979. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2025.2574979. Online ahead of print.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted families with young children (age 0-5). Using a subset of data from the randomized clinical trial of an integrated, preventive parenting model, Smart Beginnings (SB), this study examined associations between COVID-19-related school disruptions in early childhood education (ECE) and children's early elementary school outcomes. A secondary, exploratory aim sought to determine whether SB attenuated these relations. Path analyses demonstrated that school disruptions in ECE were associated with lower literacy skills at age 6 in letter-word identification (β=-.32, p<.01) and phonemic decoding (β=-.26, p<.05), but not for math or oral language skills. School disruptions in ECE were also related to increased internalizing behavior in children (β=.34, p<.01), with a trend for increased externalizing behavior (β=.22, p<.10). There was no significant moderation by SB intervention group. Implications for future school disruptions and acute stressors more broadly, as well as the role of preventive interventions, are discussed.

Keywords: COVID-19; early childhood education; elementary; school disruptions.