Understanding resistance to COVID-19 measures is crucial, since it undermines public health efforts during crises. Building on prior research showing the crucial role of individual psychological factors in shaping responses to such efforts, we focus on psychological factors involved. Specifically, we examine such psychological factors that shape support for COVID-19 measures by conceptualizing them as extreme measures-restrictions that significantly alter daily life-thus enabling the application of the 3N model of extreme behavior. Drawing on data from the multinational dataset (N = 62,983) across 114 countries, we tested the role of two types of needs/losses: collective loss and personal loss. The results reveal a differential pattern: collective loss is associated with lower support for extreme measures, while personal loss is associated with higher support. Both effects are mediated by perceived social network norms, though the strength of mediation differs. These findings extend the 3N model by highlighting how distinct types of loss shape responses to extreme measures, and they offer implications for designing public policies that address both individual and collective concerns.
Copyright: © 2025 Milla et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.