Postsynthetic modification of amine functionalized MIL-101(Cr) loaded with Pd nanoparticles for sustainable Suzuki coupling reactions

Mehdi Abroudi; Azadeh Tadjarodi; Zolfaghar Rezvani; Modarres Dehghani; Afsaneh Mollahosseini; Seyed Masoud Seyed Ahmadian

doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22375-7

Postsynthetic modification of amine functionalized MIL-101(Cr) loaded with Pd nanoparticles for sustainable Suzuki coupling reactions

Sci Rep. 2025 Nov 4;15(1):38622. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-22375-7.

Authors

Mehdi Abroudi¹, Azadeh Tadjarodi², Zolfaghar Rezvani³, Modarres Dehghani¹, Afsaneh Mollahosseini⁴, Seyed Masoud Seyed Ahmadian⁵

Affiliations

¹ Research Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.
² Research Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran. tajarodi@iust.ac.ir.
³ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
⁴ Research Laboratory of Spectroscopy & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.
⁵ Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract

MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess advantageous properties, such as high surface area and porosity, which render them effective as catalytic supports. In this study, MIL-101(Cr) powder was functionalized with putrescine (PUT) via post-synthetic modification (PSM). Subsequently, a novel strategy was employed to incorporate palladium nanoparticles into the functionalized MIL-101(Cr) framework. The resulting Pd-loaded, functionalized MIL-101(Cr) catalysts were assessed for their catalytic efficiency in Suzuki-Miyaura carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions. In particular, these catalysts were used to couple phenylboronic acid with various aryl halides (Ar-X, where X = I, Br, Cl, F). To maximize catalytic performance, key reaction parameters including the amount of catalyst, the amount and type of solvent, and the reaction time were optimized. The catalyst exhibited excellent reusability and stability, maintaining its efficiency over multiple reaction cycles.

Keywords: C–C cross-coupling reaction; MIL-101(Cr); Palladium nanoparticles; Post-synthesis (PSM) strategy; Putrescine.