A Prompt Engineering Framework for Large Language Model-Based Mental Health Chatbots: Conceptual Framework

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), presents a significant opportunity to transform mental health care through scalable, on-demand support. While LLM-powered chatbots may help reduce barriers to care, their integration into clinical settings raises critical concerns regarding safety, reliability, and ethical oversight. A structured framework is needed to capture their benefits while addressing inherent risks. This paper introduces a conceptual model for prompt engineering, outlining core design principles for the responsible development of LLM-based mental health chatbots.

Objective: This paper proposes the Mental Well-Being Through Dialogue - Safeguarded and Adaptive Framework for Ethics (MIND-SAFE), a comprehensive, layered framework for prompt engineering that integrates evidence-based therapeutic models, adaptive technology, and ethical safeguards. The objective is to propose and outline a practical foundation for developing AI-driven mental health interventions that are safe, effective, and clinically relevant.

Methods: We outline a layered architecture for an LLM-based mental health chatbot. The design incorporates (1) an input layer with proactive risk detection; (2) a dialogue engine featuring a user state database for personalization and retrieval-augmented generation to ground responses in evidence-based therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy; and (3) a multitiered safety system, including a postgeneration ethical filter and a continuous learning loop with therapist oversight.

Results: The primary contribution is the framework itself, which systematically embeds clinical principles and ethical safeguards into system design. We also propose a comparative validation strategy to evaluate the framework's added value against a baseline model. Its components are explicitly mapped to the Framework for AI Tool Assessment in Mental Health and Readiness Evaluation for AI-Mental Health Deployment and Implementation frameworks, ensuring alignment with current scholarly standards for responsible AI development.

Conclusions: The framework offers a practical foundation for the responsible development of LLM-based mental health support. By outlining a layered architecture and aligning it with established evaluation standards, this work offers guidance for developing AI tools that are technically capable, safe, effective, and ethically sound. Future research should prioritize empirical validation of the framework through the phased, comparative approach introduced in this paper.

Keywords: AI in mental health care; MIND-SAFE framework; artificial intelligence; conversational AI; digital mental health; ethical AI; large language model; mental health chatbot; prompt engineering.