Strength in diversity: unlocking the full potential of engineered living materials with multistrain collaboration

Abstract

In the innovative field of engineered living materials (ELMs) microbiology and material sciences meet. These materials incorporate living organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, or algae, to enable unique functions like self-assembly, actuation, and dynamic interaction. By utilizing (micro)biological systems in material design, ELMs promise to transform industries including healthcare, construction, and agriculture. In the early phase of ELM technology development, researchers implemented a single living strain in an already established user material. However, the complexity and potential of these materials is limited by the abilities of this single strain. Even though synthetic biology brings the opportunity to add a range of nonnative bioactivities to these cells and thus the material, the increasing metabolic burden upon implementation of multiple nonnative pathways limits the capacity of a single strain. Furthermore, higher organisms and nonstandard hosts are often desired in material settings for their native physical or metabolic advantages. However these are not always straightforward to further engineer. Thus, the use of multiple, specialized strains broadens the functionalities and thus the applicability of ELMs. Multistrain ELMs are a brand-new technology, with many promising applications.

Keywords: bio-ELM; division of labour; engineered living materials; microbial consortia; sustainable materials; synthetic biology.