Objective: To evaluate the impact of multidimensional lifestyle interventions on aging outcomes, including cognitive function, physical health, emotional well-being, and longevity.
Methods: This systematic review included 35 randomized controlled trials from 2014 through 2024 using MeSH terms such as "healthy aging," "nutrition," "physical activity," "mental health," "social connections," and "preventive healthcare." Inclusion was made based on whether studies have explored at least one lifestyle intervention among populations of 50 years and above with a reported outcome related to health and aging.
Results: 35 RCTs (n ≈ 25 000 participants) were included. Key findings were: Nutrition: The Mediterranean diet, antioxidant-rich foods, and protein intake were associated with cardiovascular benefits (RR = 0.78), reduced cognitive decline (OR = 0.72), and improved muscle mass (SMD = 0.45). Physical Exercise: Aerobic and resistance exercises enhanced cardiovascular fitness (MD in VO2 max = 3.6 mL/kg/min) as well as risk of frailty (RR = 0.67); Mental Health: Cognitive stimulation and mindfulness interventions reduced the risk of dementia (OR = 0.75) as well as stress levels (Standard Mean Difference -SMD = -0.65); Network Social: Friendship support interventions with community involvement attenuated the susceptibility to depression, by 30% (RR = 0.70), with improved life overall satisfaction (SMD = 0.55); Safe Harm Avoidance: Smoking treatment reduced cardiovascular outcome risks (OR = 0.68), though moderate alcoholism was associated with better liver overall function (SMD = -0.38); Sleep: Insomnia was related to a 25% reduced risk of cognitive decline when kept at 7-8 hours (RR = 0.75), and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia was highly effective in enhancing quality of sleep (SMD = 0.74); Preventive Healthcare: Routine checkup reduced the un-diagnosed chronic conditions by 40% (RR = 0.60) and the vaccination programs reduced the influenza-related hospital admissions (OR = 0.58).
Conclusion: Lifestyle interventions are significant in promoting life expectancy, cognitive performance, and overall well-being. The most comprehensive benefits of delay of age-related decline will be offered by the integration of multiple lifestyle factors, including balanced diets, regular exercise, cognitive engagement, strong social ties, and preventive healthcare.
Objective.: To evaluate the impact of multidimensional lifestyle interventions on aging outcomes, including cognitive function, physical health, emotional well-being, and longevity.
Methods.: This systematic review included 35 randomized controlled trials from 2014 through 2024 using MeSH terms such as "healthy aging," "nutrition," "physical activity," "mental health," "social connections," and "preventive healthcare." Inclusion was made based on whether studies have explored at least one lifestyle intervention among populations of 50 years and above with a reported outcome related to health and aging.
Results.: 35 RCTs (n ≈ 25 000 participants) were included. Key findings were: Nutrition: The Mediterranean diet, antioxidant-rich foods, and protein intake were associated with cardiovascular benefits (RR = 0.78), reduced cognitive decline (OR = 0.72), and improved muscle mass (SMD = 0.45). Physical Exercise: Aerobic and resistance exercises enhanced cardiovascular fitness (MD in VO2 max = 3.6 mL/kg/min) as well as risk of frailty (RR = 0.67); Mental Health: Cognitive stimulation and mindfulness interventions reduced the risk of dementia (OR = 0.75) as well as stress levels (Standard Mean Difference -SMD = -0.65); Network Social: Friendship support interventions with community involvement attenuated the susceptibility to depression, by 30% (RR = 0.70), with improved life overall satisfaction (SMD = 0.55); Safe Harm Avoidance: Smoking treatment reduced cardiovascular outcome risks (OR = 0.68), though moderate alcoholism was associated with better liver overall function (SMD = −0.38); Sleep: Insomnia was related to a 25% reduced risk of cognitive decline when kept at 7-8 hours (RR = 0.75), and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia was highly effective in enhancing quality of sleep (SMD = 0.74); Preventive Healthcare: Routine checkup reduced the un-diagnosed chronic conditions by 40% (RR = 0.60) and the vaccination programs reduced the influenza-related hospital admissions (OR = 0.58).
Conclusion.: Lifestyle interventions are significant in promoting life expectancy, cognitive performance, and overall well-being. The most comprehensive benefits of delay of age-related decline will be offered by the integration of multiple lifestyle factors, including balanced diets, regular exercise, cognitive engagement, strong social ties, and preventive healthcare.
Objetivo.: . Evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones multidimensionales en el estilo de vida sobre los resultados del envejecimiento: función cognitiva, salud física, bienestar emocional y longevidad.
Métodos.: Esta revisión sistemática incluyó 35 ensayos controlados aleatorios realizados entre 2014 y 2024 utilizando términos MeSH como «envejecimiento saludable», «nutrición», «actividad física», «salud mental», «relaciones sociales» y «atención médica preventiva». Se incluyeron estudios que habían explorado al menos el efecto de una intervención en el estilo de vida en poblaciones de 50 años o más, con un resultado relacionado con la salud y el envejecimiento.
Resultados.: Se incluyeron 35 ECA (n ≈ 25 000 participantes). Las principales conclusiones fueron las siguientes: Nutrición: la dieta mediterránea, los alimentos ricos en antioxidantes y la ingesta de proteínas se asociaron con beneficios cardiovasculares (RR = 0.78), una reducción del deterioro cognitivo (OR = 0.72) y una mejoría de la masa muscular (Diferencia estandarizada de la Media DME = 0.45). Ejercicio físico: los ejercicios aeróbicos y de resistencia mejoraron la capacidad cardiovascular (DME de VO2 máx. = 3.6 ml/kg/min), así como el riesgo de fragilidad (RR = 0.67). Salud mental: las intervenciones de estimulación cognitiva y de plena consciencia redujeron el riesgo de demencia (OR = 0.75), así como los niveles de estrés (DME = -0.65). Red social: las intervenciones de apoyo a la amistad con participación de la comunidad atenuaron la susceptibilidad a la depresión en un 30 % (RR = 0.70), con una mejora de la satisfacción general con la vida (DME = 0.55). Prevención de daños: el tratamiento contra el tabaquismo redujo los riesgos de resultados cardiovasculares (OR = 0.68), aunque el alcoholismo moderado se asoció con una mejor función hepática general (DME = −0.38). Sueño: el insomnio se relacionó con una reducción del 25 % en el riesgo de deterioro cognitivo cuando se mantenía entre 7 y 8 horas (RR = 0.75), y la Terapia Cognitiva para el insomnio fue muy eficaz para mejorar la calidad del sueño (DME = 0.74); Atención médica preventiva: los chequeos rutinarios redujeron las enfermedades crónicas no diagnosticadas en un 40 % (RR = 0.60) y los programas de vacunación redujeron los ingresos hospitalarios relacionados con la gripe (OR = 0.58).
Conclusión.: . Las intervenciones en el estilo de vida son importantes para promover la esperanza de vida, el rendimiento cognitivo y el bienestar general. Los beneficios más completos del retraso del deterioro relacionado con la edad se obtendrán mediante la integración de múltiples factores relacionados con el estilo de vida, como una dieta equilibrada, ejercicio regular, actividad cognitiva, vínculos sociales sólidos y atención médica preventiva.
Objetivo.: Avaliar o impacto de intervenções multidimensionais no estilo de vida nos desfechos do envelhecimento: função cognitiva, saúde física, bem-estar emocional e longevidade.
Métodos.: Esta revisão sistemática incluiu 35 ensaios clínicos randomizados conduzidos entre 2014 e 2024, utilizando termos MeSH como "envelhecimento saudável", "nutrição", "atividade física", "saúde mental", "relações sociais" e "cuidados de saúde preventivos". Foram incluídos estudos que exploraram pelo menos o efeito de uma intervenção no estilo de vida em populações com 50 anos ou mais, com desfecho relacionado à saúde e ao envelhecimento.
Resultados.: Trinta e cinco ECRs (n = 25.000 participantes) foram incluídos. As principais descobertas foram as seguintes. Nutrição: a dieta mediterrânea, alimentos ricos em antioxidantes e ingestão de proteínas foram associados a benefícios cardiovasculares (RR = 0.78), redução do declínio cognitivo (OR = 0.72) e melhora da massa muscular (Diferença Média Padronizada SMD = 0.45). Exercício físico: exercícios aeróbicos e de resistência melhoraram o condicionamento cardiovascular (VO2 máx. SMD = 3,6 ml/kg/min), bem como o risco de fragilidade (RR = 0.67). Saúde mental: intervenções de estimulação cognitiva e mindfulness reduziram o risco de demência (OR = 0.75), bem como os níveis de estresse (SMD = -0.65). Rede social: intervenções de apoio de amizades engajadas na comunidade atenuaram a suscetibilidade à depressão em 30% (RR = 0.70), com melhora da satisfação geral com a vida (SMD = 0.55). Prevenção de danos: o tratamento para cessação do tabagismo reduziu os riscos de desfechos cardiovasculares (OR = 0.68), embora o alcoolismo moderado tenha sido associado a uma melhor função hepática geral (SMD = −0.38). Sono: a insônia foi associada a uma redução de 25% no risco de declínio cognitivo quando mantida entre 7 e 8 horas (RR = 0.75), e a terapia cognitiva para insônia foi altamente eficaz na melhoria da qualidade do sono (SMD = 0.74); cuidados de saúde preventivos: os exames de rotina reduziram as doenças crônicas não diagnosticadas em 40% (RR = 0.60), e os programas de vacinação reduziram as internações hospitalares relacionadas à influenza (OR = 0.58).
Conclusão:: as intervenções no estilo de vida são importantes para promover a expectativa de vida, o desempenho cognitivo e o bem-estar geral. Os benefícios mais abrangentes do atraso do declínio relacionado à idade serão alcançados pela integração de múltiplos fatores de estilo de vida, como uma dieta balanceada, exercícios regulares, atividade cognitiva, fortes laços sociais e cuidados de saúde preventivos.
Keywords: cognitive dysfunction; depression; diet, healthy; exercise; healthy aging; life style; mindfulness; quality of life; risk factors; sleep initiation and maintenance disorders.
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