Mandibular Gonial Angle Measurement with Anatomical Precision in 3D Volume Rendered CT Images

Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2026 Apr;50(7):2900-2902. doi: 10.1007/s00266-025-05485-5. Epub 2025 Nov 25.

Abstract

Purpose: This letter presents a novel, simple, and reproducible method for measuring the gonial angle using open-source imaging software, 3D Slicer. The main research question was whether a standardized three-dimensional (3D) approach could provide a practical and accurate alternative to traditional two-dimensional cephalometric techniques.

Methods: High resolution head computed tomography (CT) scans were imported into 3D Slicer (version 5.6.2). The mandible was reconstructed in 3D using volume rendering module. Two three-point planes were defined: one tangential to the mandibular body's lower border and one to the ramus' posterior border. Their angle was calculated using a Python script within 3D Slicer.

Results: The workflow enabled accurate and reproducible 3D gonial angle measurements, providing flexibility for real-time adjustment, repeated calculations, and enhanced anatomical accuracy over traditional methods.

Conclusion: This approach offers a practical, cost-free, and standardized technique with potential applications in orthognathic surgery planning, asymmetry studies, and anthropological analysis of mandible.

Level of evidence v: Opinions of expert anatomists. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Keywords: Anthropometry; Cephalometry; Craniofacial morphology; Maxillofacial imaging; Orthognathic surgery.

Publication types

  • Letter

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Cephalometry* / methods
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Imaging, Three-Dimensional* / methods
  • Male
  • Mandible* / anatomy & histology
  • Mandible* / diagnostic imaging
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Tomography, X-Ray Computed* / methods
  • Young Adult