Climate-Related Heat Stress and Psychological Outcomes in Self-Employed Delivery Workers: Evidence from Brasília, Brazil

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 Nov 3;22(11):1666. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22111666.

Abstract

This study examines whether daily heat exposure worsens psychological well-being among self-employed motorcycle delivery workers in Brasília, Brazil. Using ecological momentary assessment over 15 consecutive days in August 2025, 45 workers were recruited and 30 (66.7%) completed twice-daily mobile prompts (12:00 and 18:00) rating stress, fatigue, mood, and perceived heat (1-5 scales) and reporting kilometers traveled. Environmental data (temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure) were paired from the INMET Brasília station. Linear regressions with cluster-robust standard errors by participant tested associations. Higher temperature was consistently related to greater strain: each +1 °C was associated with higher stress (β = 0.196, 95% CI 0.179-0.213), higher fatigue (β = 0.289, 95% CI 0.284-0.295), and worse mood (β = 0.149, 95% CI 0.130-0.168). Adding relative humidity yielded small but reliable partial effects (lower stress and better mood, yet higher fatigue) amid strong dry-season collinearity between temperature and humidity. The findings indicate that even modest day-to-day warming corresponds to measurable deterioration in psychological outcomes in a precarious, outdoor, platform-mediated workforce. Policies that expand hydration and shaded rest access, integrate heat indices into alerts, and adapt platform scheduling to reduce peak-heat exposure may mitigate risk.

Keywords: delivery workers; ecological momentary assessment; occupational heat; psychosocial risk.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Affect
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Fatigue / epidemiology
  • Female
  • Heat Stress Disorders* / epidemiology
  • Heat Stress Disorders* / psychology
  • Hot Temperature* / adverse effects
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Stress, Psychological* / epidemiology
  • Young Adult