Background: Cannabis use is rising among young adults, while their perceived risks are declining. Existing cannabis warning labels (CWLs), often dense, generic, and text-only, struggle to sustain attention or promote effective risk recognition. Drawing on construal-level theory, this study investigates whether the concreteness of textual and pictorial elements improves CWL effectiveness.
Purpose: This study examines how specific (vs. generic) text related to health consequences and the addition of pictograms or vivid imagery influence sustained attention to CWLs and recognition of cannabis-related health risks.
Methods: In an eye-tracking experiment, 163 young adult participants were randomly assigned to view CWLs featuring: (1) generic text, (2) specific text, (3) specific text with pictogram, or (4) specific text with vivid imagery. Attention was measured via fixation duration, and recognition was assessed using a post-exposure memory test with signal detection scores.
Results: CWLs with specific text significantly outperformed generic text in sustaining attention and enhancing general risk recognition. Adding vivid imagery further enhanced attention but did not significantly improve recognition beyond specific text alone. CWLs with pictograms also led to greater attention than generic text, though less than vivid imagery, and similarly did not improve recognition.
Conclusions: Cannabis warnings should prioritize concrete, specific text to optimize both attention and recognition. For raising awareness, incorporating vivid imagery can be beneficial. However, for educational goals centered on enhancing recognition, pictorial elements may be unnecessary if the text is sufficiently concrete. These findings offer practical guidance for designing effective warnings to curb cannabis use among young adults.
Keywords: attention; cannabis use; eye-tracking; recognition; warning messages; young adults.
Cannabis use is increasing among young adults in the United States, yet many do not fully recognize its health risks. Warning labels on cannabis products are meant to inform people about these risks, but current labels are often long, vague, and difficult to read. This study tested whether making warning messages more concrete and adding visuals could improve their effectiveness. We conducted an experiment with 163 young adults who viewed different types of cannabis warning labels while their eye movements were tracked. Some labels used generic, abstract text, while others used specific, detailed text. A subset of the specific-text warnings also included either simple pictograms or vivid images. After viewing, participants completed a memory test about the health risks shown. The results showed that labels with specific text were better than generic ones at holding attention and helping participants remember health risks. Adding vivid images drew even more attention, though they did not improve memory beyond the effect of specific text alone. These findings suggest that cannabis warnings should use clear, specific language to improve risk recognition, and vivid imagery can be added when the goal is to maximize attention.
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