RF-EMF exposure in the transition to 5G: A multi-dimensional measurement campaign in the Peloponnese Region of Greece

Abstract

5G is currently under development in Greece, with operators adopting different strategies and rollout schedules. Meanwhile, 4G has reached a highly mature stage, supporting the initial deployment of 5G through NSA (Non-Standalone) architecture. Cellular service is provided by a combination of systems: the legacy 2G system operational mainly in rural areas, the advanced 4G, and the emerging 5G systems, 3G was phased out in 2023. This transitional phase renders the cellular landscape both dynamic and region-specific. Recurrent, large-scale measurement campaigns are essential to effectively track networks development. This study presents findings from a year-long EMF measurement campaign (July 2023-June 2024) in the Peloponnese Region of Greece. Using frequency-selective equipment, the campaign combined spatially distributed short-term ground measurements with long-term monitoring at fixed locations. Data was analyzed by service type (e.g. cellular, WiFi), cellular system (2G/3G/4G/5G), and network operator. All measured electric field values remained well below the stringent Greek safety limits; the highest ground-level measurement was approximately 18 times lower than the limit. The 900 MHz band was identified as the dominant contributor to EMF exposure, followed by the 1800 MHz band used by 4G and 2G networks. 4G contributed the most (53%), while 5G impact was only 3%, reflecting its early stage of deployment in the region. Long-term monitoring revealed peak exposure between 15:00 and 21:00, coinciding with increased network usage. The findings provide reassurance regarding public safety, highlight the value of combining spatial and temporal analysis, and offer baseline data for future studies as 5G networks continue to expand.

Keywords: 5G networks; EMF monitoring; Electromagnetic field (EMF) measurements; Frequency selective measurements; Public safety.