Screening for Esophageal Cancer

Abstract

Esophageal cancer remains a global health burden with poor survival, largely due to late diagnosis. The two main subtypes-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC)-differ in their epidemiology, risk factors, and geographic distribution, highlighting the importance of region-specific screening. In areas with a high incidence of ESCC, population-based endoscopic screening has improved early detection and outcomes. In contrast, in Western countries where EAC predominates, targeted screening for Barrett's esophagus (BE) offers the most practical approach. Advances in high-definition endoscopy, virtual chromoendoscopy, and minimally invasive resection have enhanced diagnostic precision and treatment efficacy. At the same time, novel nonendoscopic methods such as swallowable devices, biomarker assays, and artificial intelligence-assisted imaging are reshaping screening paradigms. This review outlines current and emerging strategies for early detection of ESCC and EAC, emphasizing technological innovation and its potential to improve global outcomes.

Keywords: esophageal adenocarcinoma; esophageal cancer; esophageal cancer screening; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.