Robust securable economic operation of grid-connected renewable integrated energy system with hydrogen storage and electric and fuel cell vehicles

Hadi Varei; Hadi Zayandehroodi; Mehdi Jafari Shahbazzadeh; Mahdiyeh Eslami

doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26984-0

Robust securable economic operation of grid-connected renewable integrated energy system with hydrogen storage and electric and fuel cell vehicles

Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 22;15(1):44253. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-26984-0.

Authors

Hadi Varei¹, Hadi Zayandehroodi², Mehdi Jafari Shahbazzadeh¹, Mahdiyeh Eslami¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Electrical Engineering, Ke.C., Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
² Department of Electrical Engineering, Ke.C., Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. hadi.zayandehroodi@iau.ac.ir.

Abstract

The economic operation of the smart distribution network based on voltage security and environmental indicators considering renewable integrated energy systems based on hydrogen storage and electric vehicles is presented in this study. Renewable solar, bio-waste, and wind resources are used in integrated system. Battery-based electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric cars, and fuel cell-based electric vehicles are present as mobile storage in the integrated system. The weighted sum of the voltage profile, operating cost, and environmental pollution are minimized for a deterministic model. This problem includes power flow constraints, security and operation limitations, and the operating formulation of renewable units, hydrogen storage, various electric vehicles, and the power and hydrogen balancing in the integrated system. Fuzzy decision-making technique obtains a compromise point. In the following, a linear formulation for the aforementioned study is obtained. The proposed design has uncertainty parameters such as price of energy, renewable power rate, load, charge/discharge rate, and initial/final energy of electric cars. To achieve a robust solution to the prediction error of uncertainties, this paper uses adaptive robust optimization to appropriately formulation the aforementioned uncertain quantities. Finally, the findings indicate the suggested design's potential for improving the environmental, technical and economic conditions of the smart distribution grid with energy management of the aforementioned integrated unit. Thus, the power management of stationary and mobile storage devices in the renewable integrated system is able to improve the security of voltage, operational, economic and environmental status of the smart distribution system by about 42.5%, 43.9%-57.6%, 26% and 62%, respectively, in the worst case scenario compared to network load flow analysis.

Keywords: Eco-securable operation; Electric vehicles; Hydrogen storage; Integrated energy system; Renewable sources; Smart distribution network.