A review on squalene production by engineered yeasts: Current advances and perspectives

Abstract

Squalene, as a natural triterpenoid exhibiting various physiological activities, is primarily extracted from shark liver oil. However, due to the declining shark populations and conservation concerns, the alternative methods for squalene production are needed. Synthetic biology offers the strategies for engineered yeasts capable of producing squalene. Although the extensive studies have been performed on squalene production by the engineered yeasts, a comprehensive systematic review summarizing these efforts is lack ing. Herein, firstly, this review describes the characteristics of the squalene biosynthesis pathway in yeast cells. Secondly, metabolic strategies for enhancing squalene production in yeasts are summarized. Thirdly, the advanced genetic engineering tools to boost squalene and other terpenoids production are investigated. Fourthly, the potential of emerging other yeasts for squalene synthesis is explored. Finally, the potential technologies applied in yeasts for improving squalene production are discussed. This review will provide comprehensive information on yeasts as chassis for squalene production, laying the foundation for squalene production in yeasts.

Keywords: Fermentation; Metabolic engineering; Squalene; Synthetic biology; Yeasts.