Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Full-Endoscopic Cervical Endoscopic ULBD

Miles Hudson; Sarah Esposito; Mark M Zaki; Simon M Glynn; Osama N Kashlan; John Ogunlade; Chandan Krishna; Joshua Bakhsheshian; Christoph P Hofstetter

doi:10.3390/jcm15010327

Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Full-Endoscopic Cervical Endoscopic ULBD

J Clin Med. 2026 Jan 1;15(1):327. doi: 10.3390/jcm15010327.

Authors

Miles Hudson¹, Sarah Esposito¹, Mark M Zaki², Simon M Glynn², Osama N Kashlan², John Ogunlade³, Chandan Krishna¹, Joshua Bakhsheshian¹, Christoph P Hofstetter⁴

Affiliations

¹ Mayo Clinic Department of Neurosurgery, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85085, USA.
² Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
³ Taylor Family Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, 908 Jefferson St, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To evaluate risk factors for postoperative neurological deficits following cervical endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (CE-ULBD) and to determine whether intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) can predict neurological compromise. Methods: A multicenter retrospective review was performed on 42 CE-ULBD procedures conducted between 2016 and 2024; 33 cases met the inclusion criteria with available imaging and electromyography data. Demographic, operative, and neurophysiological variables were analyzed. Preoperative stenosis severity was graded using the Kang MRI system. Intraoperative IONM data, including electromyography firing and motor evoked potential (MEP) changes, were correlated with new postoperative weakness. Results: The cohort (69.1% male, mean age 70.2 ± 1.7 years, mean BMI 29.6 ± 1.1) included 56 decompressed levels. The most common operative levels were C3-4 (37%) and C4-5 (24%). Postoperative weakness occurred in four patients (12.1%), all of whom had severe (Grade 3) preoperative stenosis. Among these, 50% exhibited preoperative weakness. Neuromonitoring changes correlated significantly with postoperative weakness (Fisher's Exact, p < 0.001); 100% of patients with new post-operative weakness had sustained MEP decrease at the time of closure. Conclusions: Patients with severe cervical stenosis and preoperative weakness are at heightened risk of postoperative neurological deficits following CE-ULBD. Elevated epidural pressure from continuous irrigation in a constricted canal may exacerbate cord compression, particularly in those with preexisting myelopathy. IONM changes strongly correlate with new deficits and may exacerbate cord compression, particularly in those with preexisting myelopathy, and may serve as an early warning system for impending neurological injury. Surgeons should exercise caution and maintain low irrigation pressures in patients with severe stenosis undergoing endoscopic cervical decompression.

Keywords: cervical; cervical myelopathy; endoscopic; motor evoked potentials; spinal stenosis; spine; surgical complications; transforaminal.