Advanced nanoparticle-based antibacterial delivery for endodontic disinfection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate advanced nanoparticle-based antibacterial delivery systems for endodontic disinfection, assessing their antibacterial efficacy and clinical applicability compared to conventional treatments.

Materials and methods: A comprehensive database search (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar) identified relevant in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies published from January 2000 to April 2025. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using RoB 2 and SYRCLE tools. Data were synthesized qualitatively and quantitatively via meta-analysis. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were strictly adhered to throughout.

Results: From 1150 initial records, 35 studies (28 in vitro, 4 animal, 3 clinical) were included in the qualitative synthesis, with 11 studies eligible for meta-analysis. Nanoparticle-based interventions significantly improved bacterial elimination compared to conventional methods (pooled OR 3.03, 95% CI: 1.02-8.98; p = 0.045), though heterogeneity was moderate (I² = 62%). Nanoparticles also demonstrated enhanced biofilm disruption, smear layer removal and deeper dentinal penetration relative to standard irrigants. Reported safety and biocompatibility profiles were favourable, though clinical data remain limited.

Conclusion: Nanoparticle-based disinfection systems offer significant advantages over conventional endodontic irrigants, particularly in biofilm penetration and sustained antibacterial efficacy. Although preliminary clinical findings are promising, further well-designed clinical trials are necessary to confirm long-term clinical effectiveness and safety.

Clinical significance: Nanoparticle-based disinfectants offer a practical advantage in situations where conventional irrigants fall short, particularly in deep dentinal areas and mature biofilms. By improving bacterial elimination and enhancing penetration into complex canal anatomy, these systems may help reduce persistent infection and support more predictable endodontic outcomes. Their favourable biocompatibility also suggests potential as complementary agents within current clinical protocols.

Keywords: Antimicrobial; Endodontic disinfection; Meta-analysis; Nanoparticles; Root canal; Systematic review.