Development and Validation of a Tool to Assess Disease-Related Knowledge in Children with Coeliac Disease

Sophie Hall; Kristin Kenrick; Kirsten J Coppell; Andrew S Day; Angharad Vernon-Roberts

doi:10.3390/jcm15030997

Development and Validation of a Tool to Assess Disease-Related Knowledge in Children with Coeliac Disease

J Clin Med. 2026 Jan 26;15(3):997. doi: 10.3390/jcm15030997.

Authors

Sophie Hall^{1

2}, Kristin Kenrick³, Kirsten J Coppell⁴, Andrew S Day¹, Angharad Vernon-Roberts¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago Christchurch, 4 Oxford Terrace, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
² Department of Paediatrics, Christchurch Hospital, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
³ Department of General Practice and Rural Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, Rm 124, 55 Hannover Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
⁴ Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, P.O. Box 7343, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Assessment of disease-specific knowledge levels among children with coeliac disease (CD) is essential to support self-management of their condition. A suitable knowledge assessment tool has not yet been identified that is appropriate for children. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a tool for this purpose. Materials and Methods: Using content synthesis of available literature, a CD knowledge assessment tool (CD-Know) was developed to include items shown to be relevant to the management of CD for children. CD-Know went through development stages of expert review, two rounds of pilot/validation testing, and item response analysis. CD-Know scores were compared between participant groups using a univariate linear model. Results: CD-Know was developed using content synthesis and review by international CD experts. CD-Know was initially piloted among adults/children with CD (n = 12) and underwent the first validation study (n = 330 participants) among adults/children with CD, cohabitants, healthcare professionals (HCPs), and groups without CD. Based on item response analysis the tool was modified. The phases of the pilot (n = 7) and validation studies were repeated among refined groups (n = 230). The final 15-item CD-Know demonstrated an appropriate hierarchy of knowledge between testing groups. Children with CD scored lower than cohabitants of someone with CD (mean difference (MD) -3.0, SD 0.4, p < 0.001) and HCPs (MD -1.7, p = 0.009), at a similar level to adults without CD (MD 0.6, p = 0.88), and higher than children without CD (MD 5.8, p < 0.001). The CD-Know score of children with CD was positively associated with their adherence level to a gluten-free diet (R 0.30, p = 0.017). Test-retest reliability had a good intraclass correlation coefficient (R 0.73, p = 0.003). Internal consistency was good (Cronbach's alpha 0.71). Conclusions: CD-Know is a validated tool to assess disease-related knowledge in children diagnosed with CD. Its potential applications include identifying areas for knowledge enhancement within the population and assessment of CD interventions.

Keywords: children; coeliac disease; content validity; knowledge; readability; validation.