Aims/hypothesis: Exercise elicits a spectrum of metabolic and inflammatory responses that are crucial for skeletal muscle adaptation and overall health, particularly in the context of metabolic diseases, yet the contribution of prostanoid signalling to these processes remains unclear. We hypothesised that exercise-induced thromboxane production enhances skeletal muscle glucose uptake and improves whole-body glucose control.
Methods: Plasma prostanoids were quantified in men and women with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes before, immediately after and 3 h after a single bout of exercise. Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) transcript levels were evaluated in human skeletal muscle, whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and skeletal muscle-resident immune cells. Metabolic and transcriptomic effects of thromboxane receptor activation were analysed in mouse C2C12, rat L6 and human primary skeletal muscle cells. Glucose tolerance in vivo was assessed following i.p. administration of the thromboxane receptor agonist I-BOP in male and female mice. Tissue-specific glucose uptake was quantified by measuring radiolabelled 2-deoxyglucose incorporation during an IVGTT.
Results: Acute exercise increased plasma thromboxane B₂ concentrations and skeletal muscle mRNA levels of PTGS2 (encoding COX-2) selectively in monocyte/macrophage populations. In skeletal muscle cells, the thromboxane receptor agonist I-BOP increased glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner up to 2.5-fold within 4 h and enhanced glycogen synthesis by 430%. Transcriptomic and signalling analysis revealed activation of protein kinase A and cytoskeletal remodelling pathways linked to GLUT4 trafficking. In vivo, I-BOP improved glucose tolerance in male mice in a dose-dependent manner, without altering insulin levels. Thromboxane receptor stimulation increased glucose uptake in extensor digitorum longus muscle by 43%. Importantly, thromboxane receptor activation preserved its glucose-lowering efficacy in diet-induced obese male mice.
Conclusions/interpretation: Exercise induces skeletal muscle-derived thromboxane production through macrophage-specific COX-2 activation. Thromboxane receptor stimulation enhances glucose uptake and glycogen storage via cytoskeletal remodelling, partially mimicking the acute exercise transcriptomic response. In vivo, thromboxane receptor activation improves glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, with preserved efficacy in obesity. These findings identify thromboxane signalling as a previously unrecognised immunometabolic axis linking inflammation to glucose regulation and highlight the thromboxane receptor as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disease.
Keywords: Exercise; Glucose; Metabolism; Skeletal muscle; Thromboxane; Type 2 diabetes.
© 2026. The Author(s).