Pain and precision. An analysis of the effectiveness of calibration procedures in experimental pain studies using electrical stimuli

Julia Badzińska; Magdalena Żegleń; Przemysław Bąbel

doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2026.106237

Pain and precision. An analysis of the effectiveness of calibration procedures in experimental pain studies using electrical stimuli

J Pain. 2026 Feb 22:42:106237. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2026.106237. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Julia Badzińska¹, Magdalena Żegleń², Przemysław Bąbel³

Affiliations

¹ Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Psychology, University of the National Education Commission, Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: julia.badzinska@uj.edu.pl.
² Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland.
³ Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.

PMID: 41734848
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2026.106237

Abstract

Effective pain calibration is critical in experimental pain research, particularly in studies utilizing individually adjusted electrocutaneous stimuli. However, methods used to match subjective pain intensity with objective stimulation parameters vary across studies and their effectiveness remains unclear. The present secondary analysis compared calibration outcomes from three independently conducted experiments (N = 401) that applied distinct pain calibration procedures. Each method aimed to identify individually adjusted stimulus intensities. To evaluate calibration accuracy, baseline trials were analyzed during which participants received predetermined stimuli and rated perceived pain intensity. Calibration effectiveness was operationalized as the correspondence between actual pain ratings and target values. The results revealed significant differences in calibration effectiveness between procedures. Calibration, which employed an ascending technique with an additional pseudo-random series, resulted in significantly smaller differences between the anticipated and perceived pain levels, suggesting that the method of calibration can substantially influence the precision of pain induction. Additionally, differences were observed between participants' pain expectations and the target pain values. Further analysis confirmed that higher pain expectations were positively correlated with higher pain ratings, supporting the predictive role of expectancy in pain perception. These findings underscore the critical importance of calibration procedures in experimental pain research and emphasize the need for further studies to develop more precise and reliable calibration methods. PERSPECTIVE: This study demonstrates that the effectiveness of pain calibration varies significantly across procedures. The findings highlight the methodological relevance of calibration in experimental pain research and point to the need for further investigation into how different calibration strategies shape pain measurement accuracy.

Keywords: Calibration accuracy; Electrocutaneous stimulation; Pain calibration; Pain expectancy; Pain perception.