Background and objectives: Patients using fentanyl have worse treatment outcomes; however, little is known about other drugs that complicate treatment.
Methods: A national survey (n = 396) was conducted using a random sample of clinicians waivered to prescribe buprenorphine in the United States. This study reports the results of a single survey item on clinicians' perceptions of other drugs, besides IMF, complicating treatment.
Results: Clinicians reported methamphetamine (86.4%), synthetic cannabinoids (42.7%), and xylazine (41.4%) were complicating treatment; reports varied by geographic region.
Conclusions and scientific significance: Rapid clinician surveys can provide real-time data on changing patterns of drug use's impact treatment outcomes.
© 2026 The Author(s). The American Journal on Addictions published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry (AAAP).