Structural mechanism and inhibitor discovery for DhhP, a Borrelia burgdorferi cyclic di-AMP phosphodiesterase with an Fe/Mn bimetallic center

Abstract

Second messenger signaling through cyclic dinucleotides regulates critical processes in pathogenic bacteria. DhhP is a phosphodiesterase that regulates levels of cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), an essential second messenger, in Borrelia. Genetic inhibition of DhhP is lethal to Borrelia both in vitro and within a mammalian host. Here, we present the crystal structure of DhhP, revealing a heterobimetallic active site containing precisely positioned manganese and iron ions. We demonstrate specific binding sites for each metal, challenging the prevailing paradigm of homobimetallic active centers in bacterial c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases. The enzyme forms asymmetric dimers with coordinated open and closed conformations, suggesting an alternating mechanism for substrate processing. Additionally, we identified and characterized a series of small-molecule inhibitors of DhhP and demonstrated their ability to inhibit the growth of B. burgdorferi and disrupt spirochete morphology. These compounds establish proof of concept for specific targeting of bacterial c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases and further research of c-di-AMP roles in bacterial cells.

Keywords: Borrelia; bimetallic active center; crystal structure; inhibitor; phosphodiesterase; second messenger.