Background: Electrocardiography (ECG) represents an important noninvasive screening tool for heart disease in preparticipation screening of competitive athletes. However, interpretation of pediatric ECG based on age-specific reference values remains challenging, due to considerable variation among studies, influenced by population characteristics and documentation methodology. The variability of normal values in key pediatric ECG features regarding left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), QTc prolongation and pre-excitation detection seem to have a significant impact on the efficacy of pediatric ECG as a preparticipation screening tool. Aims and Scope of the Study: This review aims to compare contemporary pediatric ECG reference ranges for key ECG features relevant to LVH, QTc, PR and QRS duration and highlight physiological and methodological sources of observed variability. Methods: A review of the current literature was conducted using common biomedical databases for studies reporting certain quantitative ECG reference values in healthy children from infancy through adolescence regarding the above selected key features. Reported values were summarized descriptively, with emphasis on developmental trends and methodological differences among studies affecting ECG values. Results: Across 16 pediatric studies, ECG parameters demonstrated consistent age-dependent developmental patterns, despite variability in absolute values. R-wave amplitudes in left precordial leads increased from infancy through early childhood and remained stable in older children, whereas S-wave amplitudes in right precordial leads showed greater variation between studies. PR intervals and QRS duration increased progressively with age across all datasets, while QTc values remained relatively stable throughout childhood and adolescence, with minimal sex-related differences. Variability in reported reference ranges was most pronounced for amplitude-based-compared to interval duration-parameters, and was influenced by differences in population characteristics, ECG acquisition techniques, and measurement methodology. Conclusions: This review summarizes contemporary ECG reference data in healthy children for the early detection of LVH, pre-excitation and QT prolongation, which are the main objectives of ECG screening in young athletes.
Keywords: amplitudes; electrocardiogram; left ventricular hypertrophy; normal values; pediatric; waveforms.