School mental health promotion in Indonesia: a quantitative survey from Surabaya

Margaretha Margaretha; Peter S Azzopardi; Jane Fisher; Susan M Sawyer

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1680302

School mental health promotion in Indonesia: a quantitative survey from Surabaya

Front Psychol. 2026 Feb 16:16:1680302. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1680302. eCollection 2025.

Authors

Margaretha Margaretha^{1

2

3

4}, Peter S Azzopardi^{1

2

3

5}, Jane Fisher⁶, Susan M Sawyer^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne's Children, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
² Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
³ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁴ Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.
⁵ Adolescent Health and Wellbeing, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁶ School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Abstract

Introduction: Most young people live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet little is known about the implementation of school mental health promotion strategies in resource-poor settings. This study describes the extent of school mental health promotion and its drivers in junior high schools in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Methods: Data were obtained from a sample of 161 schools (63 public schools (100% participation), 74 private schools (28.79% participation), and 24 madrasas (42.85% participation)) using an online survey supported by the Department of Education. Descriptive statistics (ANOVA and Chi-square tests) were used to analyse data.

Results: Most programs addressed mental health as part of comprehensive school health strategies derived from national and local policies. Implementation was reported through five key programs: 1) health-promoting school strategies through the school health unit, 2) safe and healthy school environments through child-friendly schools, 3) support through peer counsellors, 4) mental health as an extra-curricular health education module, and 5) mental health risk assessments to inform school interventions. Public schools reported the highest success in implementing these programs. Madrasas scored lower across all programs.

Discussion: While school mental health promotion is acknowledged through national policies, its implementation in Indonesia appears to be challenging. The development of national standards, investment in school leadership, and support for broader collaboration, especially among ministries of education, religion, and health, could enhance the implementation of school mental health promotion in Indonesia.

Keywords: Indonesia; barriers; enablers; implementation; mental health promotion; schools.