1 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
2 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
3 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
4 Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA; Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
5 Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
6 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.