Prevalence of Risk Factors and their Association with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Single-Center Retrospective Study in Rajasthan

Roshni Singh; Bhumi Chaturvedi; Hemant Bareth; Preeti Raj; Sheshkaran Singh Charan; Anupama Sharma; Mahaveer Singh; Deepak Nathiya; Balvir Tomar

doi:10.2174/011573403X421697251125102923

Prevalence of Risk Factors and their Association with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Single-Center Retrospective Study in Rajasthan

Curr Cardiol Rev. 2026 Mar 4. doi: 10.2174/011573403X421697251125102923. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Roshni Singh¹, Bhumi Chaturvedi¹, Hemant Bareth¹, Preeti Raj², Sheshkaran Singh Charan³, Anupama Sharma⁴, Mahaveer Singh⁵, Deepak Nathiya¹, Balvir Tomar⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmacy Practice, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University, Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
² School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
³ Department of Cardiology, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
⁴ Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
⁵ Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
⁶ Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.

PMID: 41820313
DOI: 10.2174/011573403X421697251125102923

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global health burden with increasing prevalence rates and high morbidity and mortality rates. CVD has a variety of clinical and lifestyle risk factors, including, but not limited to, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, chronic smoking, hypertension, and obesity. Predictors of CVD outcomes need to be identified to advance healthcare practices and decrease disease burden.

Methods: This retrospective study evaluated predictive factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes in 697 patients, considering a range of clinical and behavioral variables. Data collected included demographics, lifestyle habits (e.g., smoking, alcohol use), clinical measurements (e.g., blood pressure, lipid profiles), and comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, diabetes). Statistical analyses were performed to identify associations between these factors and CVD outcomes.

Results: Data from 697 participants were analyzed (29.3% female, 70.7% male), with a mean age of 58.09 ± 13.14 years. The majority of participants resided in rural areas (66.1%). Smoking (52.8%) and elevated triglycerides were prevalent among participants. The most significant risk factors associated with CVD development were smoking, high triglycerides, hypertension, and diabetes. Smokers were 2.59 times more likely to develop CVD in the presence of these risk factors.

Discussion: In this high-burden rural population in Rajasthan, India, several key CVD risk factors were identified, including smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol. Notably, even smokers who reported relatively healthier lifestyles were still affected. CVD development was strongly associated with multiple modifiable risk factors, highlighting the cumulative impact of lifestyle and clinical determinants.

Conclusion: This study underscores the significant influence of lifestyle and clinical factors, such as smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, on cardiovascular disease risk. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks by promoting healthy habits, improving healthcare access, and strengthening public health policies. Implementing such measures can reduce CVD incidence and improve overall population health outcomes.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease (CVD); dyslipidaemia.; lifestyle; risk factors.