Introduction to Methods in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neurology

Rogan Magee; Mel Mupparapu

doi:10.1016/j.cden.2025.11.002

Introduction to Methods in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neurology

Dent Clin North Am. 2026 Apr;70(2):275-285. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2025.11.002. Epub 2026 Jan 30.

Authors

Rogan Magee¹, Mel Mupparapu²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: rogan.magee@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
² Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

PMID: 41825994
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2025.11.002

Abstract

This article introduces the concepts of artificial intelligence and machine learning, by providing a brief history of major advancements and a nontechnical overview of one of the most popular implementations in use today-the neural network. Then, the article introduces the field of cognitive neurology, through review of the major neurodegenerative disorders and their anatomic correlates. Finally, the article draws parallels between human cognitive functions and neural network implementations that have attempted to recapitulate some of those functions.

Keywords: Artificial general intelligence; Artificial intelligence; Deep convoluted neural networks; Machine learning; Neurons; Neuroscience; Pretrained transformers; Synapses.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Artificial Intelligence*
Cognition* / physiology
Humans
Machine Learning
Neural Networks, Computer
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurology* / methods