Identification of the causal odds ratio in test-negative-design studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness

Affiliations

• ¹ Epidemiology Department, Epiconcept, Paris, 75011, France.
• ² Department of Communicable Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
• ³ Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721, The Netherlands.
• ⁴ National Laboratory for Health Security, Epidemiology and Surveillance Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 6720, Hungary.
• ⁵ Epidemiology Department, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, 1649-016, Portugal.
• ⁶ Department of Microbiology, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, 103 33, Sweden.
• ⁷ Division for Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
• ⁸ National Influenza Centre, Cantacuzino National Military-Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, 050096, Romania.
• ⁹ Subdirecció General d'Epidemiologia i Vigilància de la Salut, Direcció General de Salut Pública, Generalitat Valenciana, València, 46020, Spain.
• ¹⁰ Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany.
• ¹¹ Réseau Sentinelles, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75012, Paris, France.
• ¹² Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, D01 A4A3, Ireland.
• ¹³ Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
• ¹⁴ CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
• ¹⁵ Nivel (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, 3513, The Netherlands.
• ¹⁶ Reference Laboratory for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, 1649-016, Portugal.
• ¹⁷ Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, 103 33, Sweden.
• ¹⁸ Subdirección de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Mérida, 06800, Spain.
• ¹⁹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17 Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany.
• ²⁰ Centre National de Référence Virus des Infections Respiratoires (CNR VIR), M3P, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France.
• ²¹ M3P, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, Université Paris Cité, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 75015, France.
• ²² Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, 3721, The Netherlands.
• ²³ Vaccine Preventable Disease and Immunisation, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, 171 83, Sweden.