DNA has emerged as a compelling archival storage medium, offering unprecedented information density and millennia-scale durability. Despite its promise, DNA-based data storage faces critical challenges due to error-prone processes during DNA synthesis, storage, and sequencing. In this study, we introduce Gungnir, a codec system using the proof-of-work idea to address substitution, insertion, and deletion errors in a sequence. With a hash signature for each data fragment, Gungnir corrects the errors by testing the educated guesses until the hash signature is matched. For practicality, especially when sequenced with nanopore long-read, Gungnir also considers biochemical constraints, including GC-content, homopolymers, and error-prone motifs during encoding. In silico benchmarking demonstrates its outperforming error resilience capacity against the state-of-the-art methods and achieving complete binary data recovery from a single sequence copy containing 20% erroneous bases. Gungnir requires neither keeping many redundant sequence copies to address molecular decay in archival storage, nor high-coverage sequencing to address sequencing error, reducing the overall cost of using DNA for storage.
© 2026. The Author(s).