Transmission patterns of pertussis in school-based clustered outbreaks: A retrospective analysis in Zhejiang Province, China, 2024

Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2026 Dec 31;22(1):2654305. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2026.2654305. Epub 2026 Apr 14.

Abstract

We conducted a retrospective study using data from Zhejiang Province's pertussis surveillance system between February 1 and May 1, 2024, defining school-based clusters as ≥5 cases occurring within 21 d in the same class. We identified 124 outbreaks involving 825 confirmed cases, with cluster sizes ranging from 5 to 16 cases (median: 7). Most outbreaks occurred in primary schools (79.03%, 98/124), followed by kindergartens (19.35%, 24/124) and middle schools (1.61%, 2/124). Among cases, 19.3% (159/825) were index cases (predominantly aged 7-8 y) and 80.7% (666/825) were secondary infections. The median serial interval was 9.0 d (IQR: 5.0-13.0); it was significantly longer in kindergarten than in primary school cases (10.0 vs. 9.0 d, P = .007) and shorter with earlier diagnosis (7-14 d post-onset) (7.0 vs 10.0 d, P = .007). Our findings emphasize the importance of protecting high-risk school populations, implementing prompt outbreak control measures, and conducting timely health education to prevent pertussis transmission.

Keywords: Pertussis; school; serial interval; transmission.

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • China / epidemiology
  • Cluster Analysis
  • Disease Outbreaks*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Schools* / statistics & numerical data
  • Whooping Cough* / epidemiology
  • Whooping Cough* / transmission