1 Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
2 Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
3 Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg Denmark; Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. Electronic address: gregory.lip@liverpool.ac.uk.