Immunotherapy and Breast Reconstruction: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

Cancer Med. 2026 May;15(5):e71794. doi: 10.1002/cam4.71794.

Abstract

Immunotherapy is transforming breast cancer management, but it also presents new challenges for surgical and reconstructive practice. This review summarizes current evidence on immune checkpoint inhibitors, perioperative safety, and immune-related adverse events, highlighting their impact on surgical timing, postoperative recovery, and reconstructive outcomes. We also discuss interactions between implants and the tumor immune microenvironment and emphasize the need for individualized perioperative management. Finally, we identify key research gaps, including long-term toxicity, real-world surgical outcomes, and predictive biomarkers to guide reconstructive surgeons in integrating immunotherapy into multidisciplinary care.

Keywords: breast cancer; breast reconstruction; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunotherapy; perioperative management.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Breast Neoplasms* / immunology
  • Breast Neoplasms* / surgery
  • Breast Neoplasms* / therapy
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors* / adverse effects
  • Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors* / therapeutic use
  • Immunotherapy* / adverse effects
  • Immunotherapy* / methods
  • Mammaplasty* / adverse effects
  • Mammaplasty* / methods
  • Tumor Microenvironment / immunology

Substances

  • Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors