Amphiphilic Glycopolymer Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Paclitaxel Delivery and Enhanced Efficacy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Therapy

ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2026 Jun 1;9(11):4723-4739. doi: 10.1021/acsabm.5c02077. Epub 2026 May 15.

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents significant therapeutic challenges due to drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and poor drug solubility. We developed amphiphilic ABC-type glycopolymer nanoparticles (mPEG-b-PCL-b-PGP) [PCG] for the targeted delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). PCG was synthesized via ring-opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, followed by deacetylation. Structural and thermal characterizations were performed using 1H-NMR, FT-IR, GPC, TGA, and DSC to confirm block composition, molecular weight, and stability of the glycopolymer. PTX-loaded PCG nanoparticles [PCG(PTX)] exhibited high drug loading capacity, colloidal stability, and pH-responsive drug release. In vitro, PCG(PTX) demonstrated selective uptake by PDAC cells and enhanced cytotoxicity. Combination with gemcitabine (Gem) further reduced viability and migration while promoting apoptosis. In orthotopic PDAC mouse models, PCG(PTX) + Gem significantly suppressed tumor growth, prolonged survival, and tolerability compared with free PTX. These results demonstrate the promise of PCG glycopolymer nanoparticles as an effective platform for targeted, combination chemotherapy in PDAC.

Keywords: amphiphilic glycopolymer nanoparticles; atom transfer radical polymerization; combination therapy; pH-responsive release; paclitaxel delivery; pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic* / chemistry
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic* / pharmacology
  • Apoptosis / drug effects
  • Biocompatible Materials* / chemical synthesis
  • Biocompatible Materials* / chemistry
  • Biocompatible Materials* / pharmacology
  • Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal* / drug therapy
  • Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal* / pathology
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects
  • Cell Survival / drug effects
  • Drug Carriers / chemistry
  • Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
  • Humans
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Materials Testing
  • Mice
  • Molecular Structure
  • Nanoparticles* / chemistry
  • Paclitaxel* / administration & dosage
  • Paclitaxel* / chemistry
  • Paclitaxel* / pharmacology
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms* / drug therapy
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms* / pathology
  • Particle Size
  • Polymers* / chemistry
  • Surface-Active Agents* / chemical synthesis
  • Surface-Active Agents* / chemistry

Substances

  • Paclitaxel
  • Biocompatible Materials
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic
  • Polymers
  • Surface-Active Agents
  • Drug Carriers