Against the backdrop of tightening resource constraints, intensifying ecological pressures, policy guidance, and cutting-edge technological advancements, the global distilled spirits industry faces a critical sustainability challenge: how to efficiently utilize the vast amounts of organic waste generated during production. This review systematically analyzes the chemical composition, flavor compound profiles, and microbial resources contained within Chinese Baijiu production by-products (BPBPs), using them as representative case studies. Furthermore, it discusses the latest research advances in diverse utilization approaches, including screening of functional microorganisms, extraction of high-value components, production of advanced biofuels, manufacturing of bio-based materials, development of novel feed and fertilizers. Crucially, this review provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges and future development directions for the resource utilization of BPBPs. We found that valorization of BPBPs primarily relies on synthetic biology and thermochemical technologies. Nevertheless, its development is often constrained by factors such as low efficiency of key reactions, difficulties in process scaling, and resource waste caused by single-production model. Future efforts should strengthen independent innovation and leverage artificial intelligence to accelerate biomanufacturing. Simultaneously, building a cascading biorefinery system, precisely expanding market reach, and establishing a comprehensive policy framework hold promise for providing critical support for the transition to a green, low-carbon economy and the recycling of resources.
Keywords: Bio-resource valorization; Chinese Baijiu by-products; High-value products; Sustainable waste-to-resource strategies.
Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.