Behaviors arise from coordinated neural activity across diverse spatial and temporal scales. Prior work has linked better task performance and cognitive functioning to patterns of global network connectivity requiring minimal reconfiguration when switching between task demands. This metric indexing similarity in functional connectivity across task and rest has been termed "neural efficiency." Here we assess stability of neural efficiency over approximately 3 years in adolescence, specificity across two task-rest combinations and associations with anxiety. At approximately age 16 and/or 19, 95 participants completed a resting state scan alongside a cognitive control and/or threat task. Neural efficiency was quantified as partial correlations between intrinsic and task-related functional connectivity patterns across the whole brain. We tested temporal stability across the three-year interval, as well as associations with task performance and anxiety across the two task-rest combinations at the two time points. Neural efficiency values remained relatively stable from mid to late adolescence (ICC[3,1] = 0.51-0.58). The cognitive control task showed higher values than the threat task. Across tasks, neural efficiency was associated with better performance (i.e., reduced interference), although not consistently (r = -0.19, p = 0.26 - r = -0.37, p = 0.021). These effects did not survive correction for multiple testing. No associations were found between neural efficiency and self/parent-reported anxiety. In sum, the metric shows moderate developmental stability and associations with task performance. Task features impact neural efficiency. Given small sample sizes, findings need to be interpreted cautiously.
Keywords: children and adolescents; cognitive control; fMRI; neural efficiency; resting state; threat processing.
Copyright © 2026 Khosravi, Linke, Poe, Antonacci, Naim, Cardinale, Kircanski, Winkler, Fox, Pine and Haller.