Many characteristics of California's counties that correlate with physician-population ratios also correlate with psychiatrist-population ratios, with their changes through time and with rural counties' ability to attract psychiatrists. These same county characteristics seem to influence the uneven distribution of lawyers throughout the state, a fact that should help physicians help legislators understand problems in attempting to equalize manpower distribution. California's relatively high psychiatrist-population ratio and the presence of counties that are statistically anomalous should preclude the application of these findings to other states. Despite government interest in psychiatrist-population ratios as a device to estimate manpower needs, these ratios are a poor measure of access to services. Barriers to care such as lack of private insurance coverage and Medicaid and Medicare restrictions appear more powerful than uneven manpower distribution. Proposals for influencing psychiatrists' distribution should be compared with other methods of decreasing mental illness morbidity, such as mandating insurance coverage and increasing funds for preventive services and research.